THE WORLD’S FIRST BODYBUILDING SHOW

Guests

Conor Heffernan | Lecturer in Sociology of Sport at Ulster University, founder of Physical Culture Study.

Conor’s work primarily focuses on the history of health, fitness and physical culture in Ireland, Great Britain and the United States. Aside from his lecturing position at Ulster University, he’s also the founder of Physical Culture Study, an expansive website where he’s written about a huge array of topics within physical culture, strength sports and bodybuilding. Conor has also published several books on physical culture, including ‘The History of Physical Culture’ and the upcoming ‘Indian Club Swinging and the Birth of Global Fitness’. Conor’s previous work has also included extensive research into William Lang Murray, the winner of Sandow’s 1901 Great Competition (Spoiler Alert!).

Sarah Carr | Great Grand-Niece of William Lang Murray.

Sarah found out about her distant relation to William when her mother, Betty Carr, took a particular interest in their family history. Betty was able to uncover family photos which revealed more about William’s time as a strongman, and his win at Sandow’s 1901 Great Competition. Betty’s mother was Jane Murray, one of William’s sisters. Today Betty’s one of the only people alive to have actually met William. As part of the research for this film, Sarah conducted an in depth conversation with Betty about William, where she was able to recount some fascinating details about his life.

Caroline Divers | Great Great Grand-Niece of William Lang Murray.

An avid swimming teacher and active individual, Caroline takes pride in her distant relation to William. It was thanks to Caroline’s efforts that I was able to communicate with Murray’s wider distant family, for which I am very grateful.

Special Thanks

Tony Walker | Great Grand-Nephew of William Lang Murray.

During the making of this film, Tony was kind enough to provide me with a host of old materials relating to William. This included various old photographs of him, newspaper clippings, and an October 1901 issue of Sandow’s Physical Culture Magazine, which has been preserved by the family for over a century. These materials have been highly beneficial and I am very grateful to Tony for his time in collating them all for me.

Gabrielle Kovalevskaja | Artist

When it came to recreating the look of Sandow’s 1901 Great Competition, Gabrielle’s sketches perfectly encapsulated the feel of the contest, and were instrumental when it came to forming the segment within the film. You can see more of her work here.

Voice Talent

Music

  1. ANBR - Rain | Artlist

  2. Fabien Tell - Other Sides of Glory | Epidemic Sound

  3. Fabien Tell - The Farmer | Epidemic Sound

  4. Jon Bjork - Spirit Seed | Epidemic Sound

  5. Alec Slayne - The Search For More | Epidemic Sound

  6. Emil Axelsson - I Think I Was There | Epidemic Sound

  7. Gridded - Electronic Twitch | Epidemic Sound

  8. Arthur Benson - Climbing the Fence | Epidemic Sound

  9. Anthony Vega - Sniffy | Artlist

  10. Jon Bjork - Working It Out | Epidemic Sound

  11. Christoffer Moe Ditlevsen - The Road Less Travelled | Epidemic Sound

  12. Arthur Benson - Running Through the Palace | Epidemic Sound

  13. Howard Harper-Barnes - Progressive Progress | Epidemic Sound

  14. Arthur Bensons - Behind You | Epidemic Sound

  15. Arthur Bensons - Careless Wandering | Epidemic Sound

  16. Ziv Grinberg - Its Fun Being a Cat | Artlist

  17. Ian Post - Eminence Landscapes | Artlist

  18. idokay - Life’s Journey Begins | Artlist

  19. Fabien Tell - These Feelings | Epidemic Sound

  20. Nobou - Dreamers | Artlist

  21. Nobou - Silent Dreams | Artlist

  22. Silver Maple - Reverse | Epidemic Sound

  23. Ardie Son - A Soaring Swan Sister | Artlist

  24. Sight of Wonders - Riding Home Safely | Epidemic Sound

  25. Ardie Son - Particles | Artlist

  26. Ian Post - Endless Fields, Pizzicato Version | Artlist

  27. Jon Bjork - New Scenes | Epidemic Sound

  28. Maya Belsitzman & Matan Ephrat - First Impression | Artlist

  29. Southside Aces - Is Leroy On It | Artlist

  30. Raymond Grouse - Pave the Way | Epidemic Sound

  31. Ardie Son - First Sunrise | Artlist

  32. Gavin Luke -The Sum Of All Things | Epidemic Sound

SFX

Artlist/Soundly/Epidemic Sound]

Sources

  1. Penny Illustrated Paper, 1889 (Coverage of Sandow’s defeat of Samson)

    9th November 1889 | British Newspaper Archive (account required to view)

  2. The Graphic, 1889 (More coverage of Sandow’s defeat of Samson)

    9th November 1889 | British Newspaper Archive (account required to view)

  3. The Era, 1889 (Another article relating to Sandow’s contest against Samson)

    9th November 1889 | British Newspaper Archive (account required to view)

  4. Morresville News and Citizen, 1890 (Coverage of Sandow’s contest with Sampson and Cyclops, along with Louis Cyr)

    13th February 1890 | Library of Congress

  5. Newcastle Daily Chronicle, 1890 (Sampson and Cyclops perform in Newcastle)

    15th February 1890 | British Newspaper Archive

  6. Chester Chronicle, 1890 (Ad for showdown between strongman Cyclops and Irving Montgomery, who at this point is known as ‘Sandown’

    5th April 1890 | British Newspaper Archive

  7. Chester Chronicle, 1890 (Strongman Cyclops takes on Irving Montgomery, who at this point is known as ‘Sandown’)

    12th April 1890 | British Newspaper Archive

  8. Newcastle Daily Chronicle, 1890 (Following his loss to Cyclops, Irving Montgomery, is referred to as a ‘Birmingham man’, and it’s stated he will challenge Cyclops again.

    21st April 1890 | British Newspaper Archive

  9. Newcastle Chronicle, 1890 (Samson and Cyclops both perform in Newcastle, where they meet Montgomery Irving again, at which time he’s known as ‘Sandown’)

    3rd May 1890 | British Newspaper Archive

  10. Shields Daily News, 1890 (Alternative coverage of above event)

    28th April 1890 | British Newspaper Archive

  11. Passaic City Record, 1891 (Coverage of a variety of strongmen, notably Sandow, Sampson and Louis Cyr)

    13th June 1891 | Library of Congress

  12. The Era, 1894 (Short line in article speaking about Cyclops and Montgomery Irving, who is being billed as ‘The Original Sandow’

    12th September 1891 | British Newspaper Archive (account required to view)

  13. The Morning Call, 1891 (Brief report covering how Sandowe and Sandow were at odds over their similar names)

    19th September 1891 | Library of Congress

  14. The San Francisco Call, 1891 (Similar report pertaining to above story)

    19th September 1891 | California Digital Newspaper Collection

  15. Aberdeen Weekly News, 1891 (Cyclops and Montgomery Irving, who is referred to in this article as ‘Sandow’ have a confrontation with manager ‘Mr Unverzacht’, shortly after landing in America)

    3rd October 1891 | British Newspaper Archive (account required to view)

  16. The National Police Gazette, 1891 (Eugen Sandow pencils an open letter to Richard K. Fox, with the aim of proving that he is the original ‘Sandow’, and not Irving/Sandow, states Irving/Sandowe is imposing on his trademark)

    26th September 1891 | Internet Archive

  17. The Sun, New York, 1891 (Promotion for Sandowe’s and Cyclops’ act in New York

    27th September 1891 | Library of Congress

  18. The Sun, New York, 1891 (Sandowe and Cyclops issue an open challenge to other strongmen to match their feats, staking $100)

    29th September 1891 | Library of Congress

  19. The Kootenai Herald, 1891 (Sandow makes plans to soon visit the US, but is notably behind Irving Sandowe when it comes to touring the county)

    17th October 1891 | Library of Congress

  20. The National Police Gazette, 1891 (James W. Kennedy seeks out Irving/Sandowe and Cyclops in New York, ‘exposes’ him as imitator)

    17th October 1891 | Internet Archive

  21. Toronto Daily Mail, 1891 (Louis Cyr allegedly turns down an opportunity to face both Sandowe and Cyclops)

    28th October 1891 | British Newspaper Archive (account required to view)

  22. Fort Worth Gazette, 1891 (Brief description of Sandowe and his act)

    31st October 1891 | Library of Congress

  23. Sporting Life, 1891 (Reporter mentions Montgomery Irving by name, states him to be ‘posing as Sandowe’)

    9th November 1891 | British Newspaper Archive (account required to view)

  24. Sporting Life, 1891 (Louis Cyr gives interview, speaks about Cyclops and Irving Montgomery/Sandowe)

    12th November 1891 | British Newspaper Archive (account required to view)

  25. The Wichita Daily Eagle, 1891 (Report covering the similarity between Sandow and Sandowe’s names)

    13th November 1891 | Library of Congress

  26. Sporting Life, 1891 (Sandowe’s brother defends his right to use the name ‘Sandowe’)

    21st November 1891 | British Newspaper Archive (account required to view)

  27. The Sportsman, 1891 (“Strong Men- A Content Where Cyr was not Conquerer”, article which points to a weightlifting contest on October 27th, where Cyclops and Sandowe competed against Cyr)

    17th November 1891 | British Newspaper Archive (account required to view)

  28. The Grand Country Herald, 1891 (Short summary of Sandowe and his ‘feats’)

    5th November 1891 | Library of Congress

  29. The Wheeling Sunday Register, 1891 (Sandowe and Cyclops challege Louis Cyr)

    October 4th, 1891 | Library of Congress

  30. The Ketchum Keystone, 1891 (Coverage of Sandowe and his feats of strength)

    12th December 1891 | Library of Congress

  31. Evening Journal, Wilmington, 1892 (Story about Sandowe and Cyclops defeating two other athletes in a contest of strength, in Wilmington, Delware)

    6th January 1892 | Library of Congress

  32. The Evening Star, Washington, 1892 (Promo for Sandowe’s and Cyclop’s show at the Lyceum Theater in Washington, includes details about their act, along with claim they defeated Louis Cyr)

    9th January 1892 | Library of Congress

  33. The Pittsburg Dispatch, 1892 (Promotion for Sandowe’s and Cyclops’ act in Pittsburg, declared to be ‘the two strongest men on earth).

    24th January 1892 | Library of Congress

  34. The Pittsburg Disptach, 1892 (Brief account of Sandowe’s and Cyclops’ show in Pittsburg)

    28th January 1892 | Library of Congress

  35. The Pittsburg Dispatch, 1892 (Sandowe and Cyclops play their last show in Pittsburg)

    30th January 1892 | Library of Congress

  36. The Sun, New York, 1892 (Sandowe and Cyclops challenge Louis Cyr)

    5th February 1892 | Library of Congress

  37. The Evening Star, 1892 (Promo for Sandowe’s and Cyclop’s act at Kernan’s Lyceum Theater in Washington, are notably falsely described as having ‘defeated all the strongmen in the world’

    17th February 1892 | Library of Congress

  38. The Waterbury Evening Democrat, 1894 (Article describing Sandow ‘rejecting’ a challenge from Louis Cyr, notably Sandowe is mentioned next to Sandow in the articles’ list of ‘20 powerful professionals today who lay claim to the title of strongest man on earth”

    20th April 1894 | Library of Congress

  39. The Washington Journal, 1892 (Sandowe and Cyclops play another show in Washington)

    20th February 1892 | Library of Congress

  40. The Wheeling Register, 1892 (Sandowe and Cyclops perform in Wheeling, West Virginia)

    28th March 1892 | Library of Congress

  41. The Wheeling Register, 1892 (Promo for Sandowe’s and Cyclops’ show, references them as ‘great European lifters of immense strength)

    31st March 1892 | Library of Congress

  42. The Pittsburg Disptach, 1892 (Promo for Sandowe’s and Cyclops’ show in Pittsburg, described as ‘perhaps the most noteworthy feature’

    April 3rd 1892 | Library of Congress

  43. The Pittsburg Dispatch, 1892 (Sandowe and Cyclops perform in Pittsburg)

    April 7th 1892 | Library of Congress

  44. The Pittsburg Dispatch, 1892 (Sandowe defeats strongman Sebastian Miller)

    April 8th 1892 | Library of Congress

  45. The Wichita Daily Eagle, 1892 (Sandowe and Cyclops perform an exhibition of strength in Kansas City, Missouri)

    August 26th 1892 | Library of Congress

  46. The Princeton, 1893 (Small snippet about strongman Cyclops, mentioned alongside Sandow, testament to the high regard Cyclops was held to when it came to strongmen)

    March 30th, 1893 | Library of Congress

  47. The National Police Gazette, 1893 (Strongman James W. Kennedy states that Irving/Sandowe has returned himself to England, and is billing himself as undefeated)

    October 7th, 1893 | Internet Archive

  48. St. Paul Daily Globe, 1893 (‘Raid on the Saloons’, Sandowe finds himself in trouble with the Police while managing the Casino Concert Hall, without a proper license to conduct business)

    December 22nd, 1893 | Library of Congress

  49. St Paul Daily Globe, 1894 (‘The Casino’s Bad “Frost”, the actors are lamenting’, report of Irving Sandowe and partner Thomas J. Ripley leaving Minneapolis for Chicago, it appears that they abandoned their posts at the Casino Concert Hall due to money owed to creditors)

    January 9th 1894 | Library of Congress

  50. St Paul Daily Globe, 1894 (Futher coverage of the above story)

    January 10th 1894 | Library of Congress

  51. San Francisco Call, 1894 (‘Sandowe vs Sandow: Which is the original Samson of the world?’, article detailing public confusion which is starting to occur over the Sandowe/Sandow name situation)

    March 11th 1894 | California Digital Newspaper Collection

  52. The Morning Call, 1894 (‘Strong Men’, another article which brings attention to both Irving/Sandowe and Sandow being in San Francisco)

    March 11th 1894 | Library of Congress

  53. San Francisco Call, 1894 (‘Sandowe’ is listed as performing here, but with both Irving/Sandowe and Sandow in San Francisco during this time, it’s unclear if it’s Irving/Sandowe playing, or an incorrect spelling of Sandow)

    March 13th 1894 | California Digital Newspaper Collection

  54. The Pawtucket Tribune, 1894 (Article which refers to Irving/Sandowe as ‘bogus’)

    March 14th 1894 | Library of Congress

  55. The Herald, 1894 (‘Rival Strong Men’, While they’re both in San Francisco, Sandow is able to finally serve Sandowe with an injunction for continued use of his name, after threatening to do so in both London and New York, but missing Sandowe both times)

    April 21st 1894 | Library of Congress

  56. San Francisco Call, 1894 (‘Sandow in Court’, another article detailing Sandow’s injunction against Sandowe. Notably, Irving/Sandowe states that Sandow had pursued him from place to place to England, filing multiple injunctions prior to Irving/Sandow going over to America)

    April 21st 1894 | Library of Congress

  57. The Wheeling Daily, 1894 (Similar coverage of above)

    April 21st 1894 | Library of Congress

  58. The Morning Call, 1894 (‘The Rival Sandows’, Sandow takes Irving Sandowe to court over him ignoring an earlier injunction that Sandow had put against him for use of his name)

    April 25th 1894 | Library of Congress

  59. The Morning Call, 1894 (‘Jealous of Name: Rival Strong Men Appear in Court’, newspaper coverage of first week of trial, served against Sandow by Sandowe for contempt of court. Article details that Judge Hubbard previously commended Sandowe to no longer undertake atheltic performances under the name ‘Sandowe’)

    May 3rd 1894 | Library of Congress

  60. The Morning Call, 1894 (‘Sandowe Replies’, further coverage on the trial, notably Sandowe now accuses Sandow of damages, $50,000 the other way)

    May 12th 1894 | Library of Congress

  61. The Morning Call, 1894 (‘What’s in a name?: Struggle for Title of Sandow’, further coverage of the same trial, an array of witnesses take the stand)

    May 18th 1894 | Library of Congress

  62. The Morning Call, 1894 (‘He was a Prince’, interesting article which discusses more about the witnesses and their testimonials in the case)

    May 19th 1894 | Library of Congress

  63. The Morning Call, 1894 (He’d sooner Die than try to look like his Rival’, Coverage of the case between Sandow and Sandowe, centres around Sandowe’s cross examination while the prosecution make their case)

    May 23rd 1894 | Library of Congress

  64. The Morning Call, 1894 (‘Order Submitted- A Decision to Be Rendered This Morning’, further update on case)

    May 29th 1894 | Library of Congress

  65. Fresno Weekly Expositor (Similar coverage as pertaining to above story)

    May 30th 1894 | California Digital Newspaper Collection

  66. The Morning Call, 1894 (‘Vale Sandowe: He Can Only Be Called Montgomery’, Judge Slack decides in favour of Sandow, the verdict is that Irving Montgomery can no longer be named ‘Sandowe’ when performing as a strongman’)

    June 1st 1894 | Library of Congress

  67. The Salt Lake Herald, 1894 (More coverage of the above court case result)

    June 1st 1894 | Library of Congress

  68. The Silver State, 1894 (‘Soup for Sandowe’, more coverage of the above verdict)

    June 13th 1894 | Library of Congress

  69. S. F. News Letter, 1894 (Promo for Irving/Sandowe’s act)

    June 1894 | Library of Congress

  70. The Morning Call, 1894 (‘Sandow Not Satisfied’, Sandow pushes for more financial damages to be brought against Irving/Sandowe, to the staggering tune of $50,000)

    June 2nd 1894 | Library of Congress

  71. The Morning Call, 1894 (‘What Sandow Suffered’, with the case concluded, this article briefly states that Judge Slack has appointed Henry S. Foote of the Superior Court to assess the financial damages owed to Sandow, by ‘Sandowe’, or now, more appropriately, Irving Montgomery)

    June 17th 1894 | Library of Congress

  72. The National Police Gazette, 1894 (Short description of Irving/Sandowe, also references him as an accomplished athlete and boxer)

    July 14th 1894 | Internet Archive

  73. St Louis Post-Dispatch, 1894 (Promo for Irving/Sandowe’s act)

    August 28th 1894 | Internet Archive

  74. The Providence News, 1894 (‘Brains or Muscle’, Despite loosing recent court case for right to the name, Sandowe challenges Sandow to a competition of strength or brain power, with the winner retaining their name)

    September 13th 1894 | Library of Congress

  75. The Evening World, 1894 (Alternative article describing above challenge issued by Sandowe)

    September 13th 1894 | Library of Congress

  76. The Chicago Daily Tribute, 1894 (Promo for Irving/Sandowe’s act)

    September 21st 1894 | Internet Archive

  77. Evening Star, 1894 (Irving continues to use the name ‘Sandowe’, while performing in Washington, despite loosing earlier court case against Sandow for rights to the name)

    October 13th 1894 | Library of Congress

  78. Los Angeles Herald, 1894 (Both Irving/Sandowe’s and Sandow’s managers put $10,000 against the other for a test of a strength- this doesn’t seem to have materialised to anything.

    22nd November 1894 | California Digital Newspaper Collection

  79. Toronto Daily Mail, 1895 (Irving/Sandowe, now referred to as Montgomery Irving, now performing in Toronto, Canada)

    January 28th 1895 | British Newspaper Archive

  80. The Sun, New York (Irving/Sandowe writes to The Sun, and attempts to tarnish Sandow, while revealing that he will be dropping the name ‘Sandowe’)

    March 29th 1895 | Library of Congress

  81. The Sun, New York, 1895 (An occasion where the former ‘Sandowe’ drops his old name and is billed under Montgomery Irving)

    April 4th 1895 | Library of Congress

  82. The Stage, 1895 (News of Irving Montgomery/Sandowe being fined £20 ‘for wilful contempt of court in persisting to the name Sandowe)

    May 9th 1895 | Library of Congress

  83. The Sun, New York, 1895 (Sandowe is once again fined for disobeying the junction forbidding him from using Sandow’s name, this time $100, while in Cincinnati)

    November 16th 1895 | Library of Congress

  84. Sheffield Daily Telegraph (As news of the name fiasco travels to England, this newspaper incorrectly reports that it’s Eugen Sandow who has changed his name to Montgomery Irving, rather than Sandowe/Irving)

    October 31st 1895 | British Newspaper Archive

  85. The Era, 1895 (Another British newspaper misreports the name fiasco as per above)

    October 26th 1895 | British Newspaper Archive

  86. Halifax Connect, 1895 (Another British newspaper misreports the name fiasco as per above)

    November 23rd 1895 | British Newspaper Archive

  87. Sheffield Evening Telegraph, 1895 (Another British newspaper misreports the name fiasco as per above)

    October 30th 1895 | British Newspaper Archive

  88. Liverpool Echo, 1895, (Another British newspaper misreports the name fiasco as per above)

    October 31st 1895 | British Newspaper Archive

  89. Globe, 1895 (Another British newspaper misreports the name fiasco as per above)

    October 30th 1895 | British Newspaper Archive

  90. Portsmouth Evening News, 1895 (Another British newspaper misreports the name fiasco as per above)

    November 1st, 1895 | British Newspaper Archive

  91. Leeds Times, 1895 (Another British newspaper misreports the name fiasco as per above)

    November 2nd, 1895 | British Newspaper Archive

  92. Cambria Daily Leader, 1895 (Another British newspaper misreports the name fiasco as per above)

    October 31st 1895 | British Newspaper Archive

  93. Buckinghamshire Examiner, 1895 (Another British newspaper misreports the name fiasco as per above)

    November 8th, 1895 | British Newspaper Archives

  94. Pontypool Free Press, 1895 (The newspaper clears the record on the story, and instead states that it is Irving/Sandowe who has now changed his name to Montgomery Irving)

    November 15th 1895 | British Newspaper Archive

  95. Empire News & The Umpire, 1895 (Same as per above, this newspaper also blames an American newspaper for misreporting the story initially)

    November 19th 1895 | British Newspaper Archive

  96. Dundee Evening Telegraph, 1895 (A Scottish newspaper clears the confusion re the name fiasco, in the same manner as the above article)

  97. November 7th 1895 | British Newspaper Archive

  98. Halifax Coment, 1895 (Despite corrections now occurring, another British newspaper misreports the name fiasco as per above)

    November 23rd, 1895 | British Newspaper Archives

  99. The Morning Times, 1896 (Sandow’s name is misspelled as ‘Sandowe’ in press)

    April 12th 1896 | Library of Congress

  100. The San Francisco Call, 1896 (Another example of Sandow’s name being misspelled as ‘Sandowe’)

    October 2nd 1896 | Library of Congress

  101. The Era, 1896 (No longer Sandowe- now Montgomery Irving appears as a strong man in England)

    September 12th 1896 | British Newspaper Archive

  102. The Times, Washington, 1897 (No longer Sandowe, now Montgomery Irving returns as an actor, performing in the sketch “A Matter of Money”

    June 6th, 1897 | Library of Congress

  103. The Sun, New York, 1893 (Another example of Sandow’s name being misspelled as ‘Sandowe’)

    September 15th 1893 | Library of Congress

  104. The Saint Paul Globe, 1901 (Montgomery Irving stars in ‘Quo Vadis')

    December 23rd 1901 | Library of Congress

  105. The Times Dispatch, 1904 (Advert for ‘For His Brother’s Crime’, starring Montgomery Irving, also includes photo of him in suit)

    January 31st 1904 | Library of Congress

  106. The Times Dispatch, 1904 (“A Life-Saver”, article which claims Montgomery saved six men at sea)

    February 2nd 1904 | Library of Congress

  107. The Providence News, 1904 (Short promotional piece of “For His Bother’s Crime”, starring Montgomery Irving)

    February 20th 1904 | Library of Congress

  108. The Saint Paul Globe, 1904 (Advert for ‘For His Brother’s Crime’, starring Montgomery Irving, also includes photo of him in stage outfit)

    September 18th 1904 | Library of Congress

  109. The Minneapolis Journal, 1904 (Promotional article for ‘For His Brother’s Crime, mentions Montgomery Irving)

    September 26th 1904 | Library of Congress

  110. The St Louis Republic, 1904 (Ad for ‘For His Brother’s Crime’, starring Montgomery Irving)

    October 9th 1904 | Library of Congress

  111. The Minneapolis Journal, 1904 (Ad for “Bijou”, starring Montgomery Irving

    September 29th 1904 | Library of Congress

  112. The Times Dispatch, 1905 (Promotion for ‘For His Brother’s Crime’, starring Montgomery Irving, includes headshot)

    February 26th 1905 | Library of Congress

  113. The Times Dispatch, 1905 (‘Muscles Bulge on Strongman', article which focuses on Montgomery Irving and his ‘feats’, more examples of him spinning fiction)

    February 28th 1905 | Library of Congress

  114. The Birmingham Age-Herald, 1905 (Profile on Montgomery Irving, includes photo)

    March 12th 1905 | Library of Congress

  115. The Birmingham Age-Herald, 1905 (Advert for ‘His Brother’s Crime’, starring Montgomery Irving)

    March 14th 1905 | Library of Congress

  116. The Daily Morning Journal and Courier, 1905 (promotional piece on “Custer’s last flight”, starring Montgomery Irving)

    August 17th 1905 | Library of Congress

  117. The Evening Journal, 1905 (Montgomery Irving stars in ‘Custer’s Last Fight’ while in Wilmington, show is ‘crowded to the doors’)

    November 3rd 1906 | Library of Congress

  118. The Salt Lake Herald, 1906 (Review of ‘Colombe’s Birthday’, starring Montgomery Irving)

    December 23rd 1906 | Library of Congress

  119. Daily Arizona Silver Belt, 1909 (Review for ‘Quo Vadis’, a short film starring Montgomery Irving, quoted as ‘one of the most thrilling pieces ever put into pictures’)

    January 12th 1909 | Library of Congress

  120. The Democratic Banner, 1911 (Promotion for ‘Disillusioned’, starring Irving Montgomery Irving

    May 16th 1911 | Library of Congress

  121. The Evening Times, 1913 (“How to be Strong” article by Montgomery Irving, here he states he is a first prize-winner and graduate of the Imperial Military Gymnasium at Aldershot, England, among other things, includes photo)

    March 10th 1913 | Library of Congress

  122. The Evening Times, 1913 (“How to be Strong” continuation of article series by Montgomery Irving, includes photo)

    March 12th 1913 | Library of Congress

  123. ‘Montgomery Irving’, 1905 New York State Census

    Family Search

  124. ‘Montgomery Irving’, 1915 New York State Census

    Family Search

  125. ‘James Montgomery Irving’, Find a Grave Death Record, 1926

    Family Search

  126. ‘James Montgomery Irving’, New York City Municipal Deaths, 1926

    Family Search

  127. Daily Mirror, 1912 (Example of some of the less practical and ethical products that Eugen Sandow marketed)

    January 12th 1912 | British Newspaper Archive

  128. The Morning Call, 1894 (‘Sandow’s Muscles’, article which brings attention to Sandow’s development, and paints him as a physical icon)

    April 22nd, 1894 | Library of Congress

  129. The Kings of Strength, 1911

    Edmond Desbonnet, P. 463-483 | Internet Archive

  130. Strength and How to Obtain It, 1897

    Eugen Sandow, P. 32, 158 | Book sourced from own collection

  131. Sandow The Magnificent, 1994

    David L. Chapman, P 129-135 | Book sourced from own collection

  132. Sandow on Physical Training : A Study in the Perfect Type of the Human Form, 1894

    Eugen Sandow and Adam G. Mercer, P.237-238 | University of Toronto Library

  133. ‘Sandow here again', Anadarko Daily Democrat, 1901 (Sandow as an international icon)

    13th November 1901 | Library of Congress

  134. ‘Best Way to Get Strong’, Wheeling Sunday Register, 1894 (Interview with Sandow, presenting him as an authority in physical culture)

    22nd April 1894 | Library of Congress

  135. ‘The Ladies Idolize Sandow’, The National Police Gazette (Sandow as an icon)

    Open Court Publishing Co, Cover | Internet Archive

  136. ‘Cycling’, 1897 (Sandow promoting himself as an all round athlete)

    13th March 1897 | British Newspaper Archive [Account Required to view]